Keeb Kwm Kev Loj Hlob ntawm Iav

1.1 Keeb kwm ntawm Ntiaj Teb Iav
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem ceeb, rov qab mus rau kwv yees li 3000 BC txog 2000 BC, cov neeg hauv tebchaws Iziv lossis Mesopotamia twb tau tsim cov thev naus laus zis tsim iav uas laus lawm. Kuj tseem muaj ib zaj dab neeg hais tias ntau tshaj 3000 xyoo dhau los, cov tub lag luam Phoenician tau tshawb pom cov siv lead ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw tshuaj ntawm cov pob zeb hu ua "natural soda" (qee tus hais tias saltpeter) thiab xuab zeb quartz ntawm ntug hiav txwv hauv qab hluav taws, uas yog daim iav thaum ub. Cov neeg Phoenician yeej tsis plam lub sijhawm ua lag luam. Lawv siv cov tshuaj sib xyaw tshuaj no los tsim ntau cov xuab zeb nyoos, xuab zeb xuab zeb, soda tshauv, thiab cov hlaws iav fused, uas tau muag txhua qhov chaw. Thaum tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau, lawv kuj tau txhawb nqa thawj qhov nrov ntawm iav hauv ntiaj teb, tso cai rau ntau lub tebchaws uas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg Phoenician kom muaj lawv thawj zaug pom cov iav zoo nkauj.
Cov iav Fiennes thiab Ferret ntawm Phoenicians raug suav hais tias yog cov thawj coj ntawm cov khoom siv iav. Kev txhim kho ntawm cov iav thaum ntxov tau dhau los ntawm plaub lub sijhawm tseem ceeb: lub sijhawm kev vam meej thaum ub (kwv yees li 3500 BC txog 1000 BC), lub sijhawm kev vam meej classical (kwv yees li 100 BC txog 500 AD), lub sijhawm kev vam meej medieval (kwv yees li 500 AD txog 1500 AD), thiab Renaissance thiab xyoo pua 17 txog 19 (kwv yees li 1500 AD txog 1890 AD). Tom qab ntawd, qhov xwm txheej tam sim no hauv zej zog maj mam tsim, nrog rau cov iav tshwj xeeb, cov iav kos duab, cov iav kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab cov iav vaj tse tseem ceeb.
2. Daim Ntawv Thov Iav

2.1 Kev Siv Iav Hauv Keeb Kwm
Iav tau siv thawj zaug rau cov khoom siv niaj hnub xws li Khob iav, lub raj mis, thiab cov phaj. Cov Mesopotamians tau ua cov av hauv av, uas tom qab ntawd tau qhwv nrog cov iav viscous ribbons thiab kho qhov chaw kom tau txais cov khoom siv iav. Cov khoom siv iav ua li no feem ntau muaj cov duab ntawm lub raj mis thiab siv ua cov thawv rau dej lossis zaub mov.
Cov iav thaum ub tshaj plaws tau suav tias tsuas muaj ib xim xwb, xim ntsuab, uas txwv nws txoj kev siv. Txog thaum tom qab ntawd tib neeg tau pom tias qhov laj thawj uas iav muaj xim ntsuab yog vim cov khoom siv raw siv los ua iav muaj me ntsis hlau, thiab cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau divalent ua rau iav tshwm ntsuab. Tom qab ntxiv manganese dioxide, muaj kev hloov xim. Qhov kev hloov xim tshwj xeeb thiab zoo nkauj no tau coj daim ntawv thov iav mus rau qib tom ntej - ntau yam khoom iav xim tau tshwm sim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab cov neeg Italians tau kawm txog kev tsim cov iav vaj huam sib luag siab heev, iav xim tau siv dav hauv cov iav kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv Gothic style tsev teev ntuj architecture. Gothic tsev teev ntuj feem ntau nthuav tawm cov qauv architectural ntse thiab siab uas zoo li ya mus rau saum ntuj, uas ua rau lub qhov rais Fabkis siab ua ib theem ntawm cov iav xim. Lub hnub ci ntsa iab los ntawm cov qhov rais xim rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj dawb huv, ua rau huab cua ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj zoo nkauj dua thiab dawb huv.
Tom qab ntawd, iav tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam kev tsim kho. Xyoo 1833, lub tsev thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb uas ua los ntawm hlau thiab iav, lub tsev cog khoom Garden des Plantes, tau raug tshaj tawm. Tsis zoo li qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsev pob zeb, cov tsev iav tuaj yeem coj kev xav meej thiab dawb huv, uas tau txais kev qhuas los ntawm cov neeg rau ib ntus. Ib qho piv txwv pom tseeb dua yog qhov chaw London World's Fair (tseem hu ua "Crystal Palace") tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Paxton xyoo 1851, uas tuaj yeem hu ua lub tuam tsev ntawm iav.

2.2 Iav Niaj Hnub Cov ntawv thov
Niaj hnub nim no, daim ntawv thov iav tau dhau los ua ntau dua. Lub Taub Iav Yuav yooj yim muab faib ua cov iav tiaj tiaj thiab cov iav tshwj xeeb. Cov iav tiaj tiaj feem ntau muab faib ua peb hom: iav tiaj tiaj nrog cov qhov lossis tsis muaj qhov, iav tiaj tiaj nrog txoj kev rub tiaj tiaj, thiab iav ntab. Cov hom iav no muaj lawv daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim kho thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, kev lag luam tsheb, kev lag luam kos duab, thiab txawm tias tub rog. Raws li lawv cov khoom sib xyaw, iav tuaj yeem muab faib ua iav quartz, iav silica siab, iav lead silicate, iav sodium calcium, iav txhuas silicate, iav borosilicate, iav potassium, thiab lwm yam. Ntau hom iav muaj lawv tus kheej siv, xws li iav soda lime, uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov iav tiaj tiaj, khob iav, thiab lub teeb; iav lead silicate siv ua lub raj xa dej vim nws cov hlau ntub dej siab, thiab kuj siv los thaiv hluav taws xob vim tias cov hlau lead tuaj yeem thaiv cov tshuaj radioactive; iav Borosilicate yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov iav ntsuas kev sim tshuaj vim nws lub zog siab thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion.

3. Yav tom ntej ntawm iav
3.1 Yav tom ntej kev cia siab ntawm cov iav kos duab thiab cov iav kho kom zoo nkauj
Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv iav niaj hnub no yog iav kos duab thiab iav kho kom zoo nkauj. Iav tau tawg tawm ntawm cov hlua khi ntawm kev nrhiav kev ua tau zoo thaum ntxov thiab pib tsim kho kom zoo nkauj. Tom qab cov studio iav tawg zoo li nceb tom qab los nag, ntau thiab ntau cov khoom iav zoo nkauj pib tshwm sim, suav nrog cov tuav tswm ciab iav, cov khoom dai iav, cov duab puab iav, thiab txawm tias cov duab puab iav loj xim. Cov khoom koom nrog hauv kev kos duab iav ntau yam los ntawm tsheb, tsev, thiab cov duab puab hauv tsev mus rau cov moos me me, cov thav iav iav, thiab xov tooj ntawm tes. Iav kuj tseem siv tau ua rhinestone los hloov cov pob zeb diamond kim. Cov "pob zeb diamond" pom ntawm cov khoom siv me me niaj hnub no feem ntau yog ntau yam xim rhinestones ua los ntawm iav.
Kuv tus kheej cov lus qhia rau kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm cov iav kos duab yog raws li nram no:
1. Cov iav kos duab thiab cov iav kho kom zoo nkauj yuav tsum suav tias yog kev tshoov siab thiab kev muaj tswv yim, ua raws li cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb, thiab coj cov neeg tuaj saib kev lom zem.
2. Txhim kho cov qauv khoom siv raw ntawm cov iav kos duab, txo cov nqi kom nthuav dav cov khoom siv ntawm cov iav kos duab.
3. Tsim cov qauv kev lag luam kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev tsim qauv thiab kev tsim cov iav kos duab zoo dua, thiab kom tsis txhob muaj cov xwm txheej xws li cov khoom siv raw ua qias tuaj.
4. Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siab rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov iav kos duab thiab cov iav kho kom zoo nkauj coj cov thev naus laus zis tsim iav mus rau qib tshiab thiab txhawb nqa kev txhim kho kev lag luam zoo dua.
Qhov ua tau ntau yam thiab sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov iav kos duab thiab cov iav kho kom zoo nkauj yog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov kho kom haum rau lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, cov iav kho kom zoo nkauj uas ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov roj teeb hnub ci nrog cov phab ntsa iav xim tsis yog tsuas yog siv lub zog hnub ci xwb tab sis kuj ua haujlwm ua phab ntsa tsis nqa khoom thiab siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, tua ob tug noog nrog ib lub pob zeb.

3.2 Iav Tshwj Xeeb
Cov iav tshwj xeeb siv dav hauv cov teb xws li cov cuab yeej siv, tub rog, kev kho mob, hluav taws xob, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev tsim kho, txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Xws li iav tempered (nrog cov coefficient siab zog, tsis yooj yim tawg, txawm tias tawg, nws yuav tsis tsim cov khoom ntse uas ua rau tib neeg lub cev puas tsuaj), iav embossed (opaque, feem ntau siv rau hauv qhov chaw uas xav tau kev kho opaque, xws li chav dej), iav laminated (feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam kev tsim kho, tsis yooj yim tawg thaum cuam tshuam), iav insulated (zoo suab rwb thaiv tsev nyhuv), iav tiv thaiv mos txwv (iav muaj zog siab, tuaj yeem thaiv cov mos txwv ntawm qhov ceev qis thiab xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb), thiab lwm yam.

Cov iav tshwj xeeb borosilicate siab
Ntxiv mus, ntau hom iav tshiab uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov tshuaj sib txawv kuj muaj kev cia siab dav dav. Xws li iav siab silica, iav lead silicate, iav sodium calcium, iav txhuas silicate, iav borosilicate, iav potassium, thiab lwm yam uas tau hais ua ntej, iav hlau ua los ntawm hlau kuj yog ib hom iav tshiab uas tam sim no nyiam mloog. Iav hlau ua los ntawm hlau yog cov khoom siv amorphous feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau, tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li lub dav hlau, qhov chaw, thiab cov ntsiab lus. Nws muaj cov khoom zoo dua xws li kev ywj pheej siab, lub zog siab, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, kev cuam tshuam, thiab kev tiv thaiv txias thiab kub, thiab muaj kev cia siab dav dav hauv kev tsim roj thiab roj av.